1. Chifukwa chiyaninsalu ya bafutaKodi mukumva bwino?
Lini imadziwika ndi kukhudza kozizira, imachepetsa thukuta, masiku otentha kuvala thonje loyera, thukuta ndi lowirikiza ka 1.5 kuposa laini. Ngati muli ndi nsalu yozungulira inu ndikuikulunga m'dzanja lanu, mudzapeza kuti nsalu yomwe ili m'dzanja lanu nthawi zonse imakhala yozizira ndipo sitentha. Yesani ya thonje. Idzatentha pakapita nthawi.
NsaluNdi bwino kuvala nthawi yachilimwe chifukwa ndi ulusi wachilengedwe wowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso wowoneka bwino kwambiri.
Ulusi ndi mtundu wa zitsamba, ulusi uli ndi mitundu yambirimbiri, makampani opanga nsalu amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa ulusi, nyengo yozizira kwambiri ikukula, m'mimba mwake wa ndodo ndi woonda kwambiri, kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa mamita 1 mpaka 1.2, m'mimba mwake wa ndodo nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 1 mpaka 2cm.
Flakisi ikakula kwa masiku 30-40, fulakisi ikakula pa 1kg iliyonse, imatulutsa madzi okwana 470kg, kotero fulakisi mwachibadwa imakhala ndi madzi ambiri komanso imatha kuyamwa madzi.
Pansi pa maikulosikopu ya elekitironi, ulusi wa fulakesi umaoneka ngati nsungwi yopanda kanthu, kapangidwe kake ka ulusi wa fulakesi, uli ndi malo akuluakulu apadera, kotero kuti ulusi wa fulakesi uli ndi mphamvu zolimba zosakanikirana komanso zosakanikirana. Ulusi ukhoza kuyamwa madzi mpaka kuwirikiza kawiri kulemera kwake, ulusi ukhoza kuyamwa madzi 20%, ndipo umakhalabe ndi fungo louma.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zooneka ngati nsalu ya hygroscopic komanso hygroscopic, kuvala zovala za nsalu ya sleeping sheets kapena ma sleeping sheets nthawi yachilimwe kumabweretsa vuto la capillary likakhudzana ndi khungu, ndipo thukuta la munthu ndi nthunzi ya madzi zimayamwa mwachangu ndi ulusi wa nsalu, zomwe zimapangitsa thupi la munthu kumva kutentha kutsika ndipo khungu limakhala louma. Ichi ndichifukwa chake fulakesi imamva kuzizira.
2. N’chifukwa chiyani nsalu ya bafuta ilibe magetsi osasinthasintha?
Ulusi wa fulakesi, hemp, fulakesi ndi ulusi wina wa hemp uli ndi mphamvu yosasunthika. Kubwezeredwa kwa chinyezi kwa fulakesi (komwe kungamveke ngati kuchuluka kwa madzi mu ulusi wa fulakesi) ndi 12%, komwe kumakhala ndi ulusi wambiri wachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza ndi kapangidwe kake ka fulakesi, imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba ya hygroscopic, kotero kuti mulingo wabwino ndi woipa wa ulusi wa fulakesi supanga magetsi osasunthika.
Ubwino wosapanga magetsi osasunthika ndi wakuti zovala za nsalu sizingakhale pafupi chifukwa cha magetsi osasunthika, ndipo sizophweka kuyamwa fumbi ndi tizilombo tina m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa zovala, nsalu ndi nsalu yabwino kwambiri yapakhomo, kaya ngati zofunda, makatani, kapena zophimba sofa, zimatha kusungidwa zoyera kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuchepetsa kuyeretsa pafupipafupi. Mu nsalu wamba, kufunikira kwakukulu kophatikiza 10% ya nsalu, yomwe ingalepheretse magetsi osasunthika.
3. N’chifukwa chiyani nsalu ya bafuta ndi yabwino poteteza ku UV?
(1) Ulusi wa fulakesi, wokhala ndi hemicellulose yomwe imayamwa UV.
(2) Pamwamba pa ulusi wa fulakesi pali kuwala kwachilengedwe ndipo kumatha kuwonetsa kuwala pang'ono.
Makampani opanga nsalu amafunika cellulose mu ulusi wa zomera. Flax ndi yosiyana ndi thonje, lomwe ndi chipatso ndipo gawo lake lalikulu ndi cellulose, lopanda zodetsa zambiri.
Ulusi wa fulakesi, kumbali ina, ndi ulusi wa bast wochokera ku tsinde la fulakesi. Kudzera mu njira zingapo zopangira, ulusi wa fulakesi ungapezeke ndi gawo laling'ono. Hekitala imodzi (maekala 100) ya malo imatha kupanga makilogalamu 6,000 a zinthu zopangira fulakesi, ikamaliza kuphwanya hemp - chisa, imatha kupanga makilogalamu 500 kukhala fulakesi yayifupi, makilogalamu 300 kukhala fulakesi yayifupi, ulusi wautali wa fulakesi makilogalamu 600.
Mu ulusi wa fulakesi, kuchuluka kwa cellulose ndi 70 mpaka 80% yokha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chingamu chotsala (linolenin symbiosis) ndi:
(1) Hemicellulose: 8% ~ 11%
(2) Lignin: 0.8%~7%
(3) Mafuta sera: 2%~4%
(4) Pectin: 0.4%~4.5%
(5) Zinthu za nayitrogeni: 0.4%~0.7%
(6) Phulusa: 0.5% ~ 3%
Ndipotu, zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ulusi wa fulakesi, monga kumva kowawa, kuteteza UV, ndi kutayika kwa tsitsi, zimachitika chifukwa cha ma colloid amenewa.
Ulusi wa fulakesi, womwe uli ndi 8% ~ 11% ya hemicellulose, zigawo za hemicellulose izi ndi zovuta kwambiri, zimapangidwa ndi xylose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnoose ndi ma copolymer ena, tsopano njirayi singachotsedwe kwathunthu. Komabe, kupezeka kwa hemicellulose ndiko komwe kumapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha UV ku fulakesi.
4. N’chifukwa chiyani nsalu zina za fulakesi zimamveka ngati zokwawa, zobaya pang’ono, komanso zovuta kuzipaka utoto?
Chifukwa fulakesi ili ndi lignin. Lignin ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za khoma la selo la fulakesi, makamaka imapezeka mu minofu ya xylem ndi phloem ya fulakesi, ndipo imagwira ntchito yothandizira fulakesi. Kutha kupirira zotsatira zina zamakina.
Lignin mu ulusi wa fulakesi sungachotsedwe kwathunthu mutakonza, kuchuluka kwa lignin kuli pafupifupi 2.5% ~ 5% pambuyo pa degum, ndipo kuchuluka kwa lignin kuli pafupifupi 2.88% mutakonza ulusi wa fulakesi wosaphika, ndipo kuchuluka kochepa kwa fulakesi wopyapyala kwambiri kumatha kulamulidwa mkati mwa 1%.
Flax lignin, hemicellulose, mwachidule, kuwonjezera pa zonse zomwe zili mu cellulose, zomwe zimatchedwa chingamu. Ulusi wa flax, kuwonjezera pa lignin chingamu, umakhudzanso momwe fulakesi imamvekera.
Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa lignin ndi chingamu, kotero fungo la fulakesi limakhala lolimba, losalimba, lokwera, losalimba, komanso loyabwa.
Komanso chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chingamu, kristalo wa ulusi wa fulakesi ndi wokwera, kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu ndi kolimba komanso kokhazikika, sikungawonongeke ndi zowonjezera zopaka utoto, kotero ulusi wa fulakesi siwosavuta kuupaka utoto, ndipo kulimba kwa utoto pambuyo popaka utoto kumakhala kochepa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nsalu zambiri zimapangidwa ndi nsalu.
Ngati mukufuna kupangansalu ya bafutaKupaka utoto bwino, mbali imodzi ndikuchita bwino pochotsa utoto, pambuyo pa kupukuta utoto kawiri, utoto wa nsalu zabwino udzakhala wabwino. Kenako kugwiritsa ntchito soda yokazinga, kuwononga crystallization ya fulakesi, crystallinity yachilengedwe ya fulakesi ndi 70%, pambuyo pochotsa utoto wa alkali wozingidwa ndi 50 ~ 60%, kungathandizenso kupukuta utoto wa fulakesi. Mwachidule, ngati mukukumana ndi zovala za nsalu zowala, ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri, zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake sudzakhala wotsika.
5. N’chifukwa chiyani nsalu ya bafuta imakwinya mosavuta?
(1) Ulusi wokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba bwino suvuta kuusintha ndi kukwinya. Ulusi wa nyama, monga thonje, Modal ndi ubweya, ndi ulusi wopota ndipo uli ndi mphamvu yotha kusintha.
(2) Nsalu zolukidwa zimakhala ndi mpata waukulu, ndipo kulimba kwa kusintha kwa zinthu kumakhala kolimba.
Koma chinthu ichi cha fulakisi, kapangidwe ka chitsulo cha "hollow bamboo" chowongoka chachimuna, chilinso ndi lignin ndi colloid ina, kotero ulusi wa fulakisi siwotanuka, ulibe mphamvu yosinthika. Nsalu ya nsalu imalukidwanso makamaka, ndipo kapangidwe ka nsalu sikubweretsa kusinthasintha. Chifukwa chake, kupindika kwa fulakisi kuli kofanana ndi kuswa ndodo yaying'ono, yomwe singabwezeretsedwe.
Popeza nsalu ya bafuta imakhala ndi makwinya, kwenikweni, mukavala zovala za bafuta, simungatenge mphamvu ya thonje, ubweya, ndi silika ngati chitsanzo.
Iyenera kupangidwa ndikudulidwa ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu, m'mafilimu aku Europe ndi America, zovala zomwe zimawonekera zimachokera ku nsalu, mutha kulabadira kalembedwe kanu komwe mumakonda mukawona filimuyi, zovala zambiri za nsalu zimakhala zokongola kwambiri.
Tsopano palinso nsalu zapamwamba kwambiri, pambuyo pochotsa gumming kawiri, lignin ndi chingamu pang'ono, nsalu ya nsalu imakonzedwa mofanana ndi makhalidwe a thonje, kenako thonje, nkhungu ndi zina zosakanikirana ndi nsalu zolukidwa, nsalu yapamwambayi ya nsalu imathetsa vuto la makwinya a nsalu, koma mtundu uwu wa zinthu ukadali wochepa kwambiri, mtengo wake ndi wokwera mtengo kuposa cashmere ndi silika, mphamvu yamagetsi si yodziwika bwino, ikuyembekezeka kutchuka mtsogolo.
6. N’chifukwa chiyani fulakesi imaphikidwa mosavuta?
Chifukwa ulusi wa fulakesi ndi waufupi kwambiri. Ulusi wa nsalu, woonda komanso wautali, ukhoza kupota mzere wabwino wa ulusi wambiri, ulusi wambiri wopanda tsitsi, komanso wosavuta kuupukuta.
Ulusi wa fulakesi wachikhalidwe umagwiritsa ntchito njira yopota yonyowa, ulusi wa fulakesi umadulidwa kutalika kwa pafupifupi 20mm, pomwe thonje, ubweya, velvet ndi zina zotero nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 30mm, poyerekeza ndi ulusi wa fulakesi ndi waufupi kwambiri, ndi wosavuta kumeta tsitsi. Palinso ulusi waufupi wa 16mm mu ulusi wa fulakesi, ndipo kupopera tsitsi ndi nkhani yaikulu kwambiri.
Pamene ntchitoyi ikupita patsogolo, tsopano palinso thonje la hemp (thonje la linseed), komanso fulakesi wosalala. Njira yachiwiri yochotsera gumming ya fulakesi imakonzedwa kukhala ulusi wa 30 ~ 40mm, womwe uli pafupi ndi makhalidwe a thonje, ubweya ndi cashmere, ndipo ukhoza kusakanizidwa ndi kulukidwa. Chifukwa chake pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ubwino ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mtengo pakati pa fulakesi ndi fulakesi.
7. Kodi mafuta a mbewu ya fulakisi amachokera ku fulakisi?
Si mtundu womwewo wa fulakesi, fulakesi ndi therere, pali mitundu yambirimbiri ya fulakesi, yogawidwa potengera momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito:
(1) Ulusi wa nsalu: umamera m'dera lozizira kwambiri
(2) Ulusi wa mafuta: umamera m'madera otentha
(3) Mafuta ndi ulusi wa ulusi: amamera m'malo otentha komanso otentha
M'dziko lathu, ulusi wa fulakesi umatchedwa "fulakesi", ndipo mafuta okhala ndi mafuta ndi ulusi amatchedwa "fulakesi", mbewu ya fulakesi imatha kupanga mafuta a fulakesi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti mafuta a mbewu ya fulakesi. Ulusi wa fulakesi padziko lonse lapansi ndi dera lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limapanga ulusi, zomwe zimapanga ndi zachiwiri kwa Canada, ulusi umamera makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, ndipo umatulutsa kwambiri ku Inner Mongolia.
Ulusi ndi nsalu zamafuta zonse ndi zinthu zopangira nsalu, kupanga zovala za nsalu ndi zofunda za nsalu zomwe timafunikira. Pakati pawo, ulusi wa fiber womwe umabzalidwa m'chigawo chozizira, zokolola ndi ubwino wake ndizabwino, madera akuluakulu opangira ndi awa: France, Netherlands, Belgium, ndi dera la Heilongjiang ku China, kupanga nsalu za flax m'maderawa, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 10% ya kupanga konse kwa flax padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, fulakesi yomwe imalimidwa padziko lonse lapansi ikupangabe mafuta, ndipo kudya ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kuvala.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-26-2024
