Njira Yopaka Utoto ndi Kumaliza (1)

Kusankha utoto ndi njira yomaliza kumadalira makamaka mitundu, zofunikira ndi zofunikira za nsalu yomalizidwa, zomwe zitha kugawidwa m'magulu asanayambe chithandizo,dyeing, kusindikiza, kumaliza ndi zina zotero.

Chithandizo chisanachitike

Ulusi wachilengedwe uli ndi zinthu zosafunika, pokonza nsalu ndipo umawonjezera matope, mafuta ndi dothi loipitsidwa, kukhalapo kwa zinthu zosafunikazi, sikuti kumangolepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa utoto ndi kumaliza ntchito, komanso kumakhudza momwe nsaluyo imagwirira ntchito.

Cholinga cha chithandizo chisanachitike ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi makina kuti achotse zinyalala pa nsalu, kupanga nsalu kukhala yoyera, yofewa, komanso yolola kuti ilowe bwino kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira pakuitenga, komanso kupereka zinthu zoyenera zopaka utoto, kusindikiza ndi kumaliza.

Thonje: kukonza nsalu yosaphika, kuipitsa, kuchotsa kukula, kuwiritsa, kuyeretsa, kusakaniza. Polyester: kukonza nsalu, yoyengedwa (yamadzimadzi ya alkali, ndi zina zotero), kuchepetsa, kusunga, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa alkali (yamadzimadzi ya alkali, ndi zina zotero).

Kuimba

Kawirikawiri, atalowa mufakitale yosindikizira ndi kupenta kuchokera ku fakitale yopangira nsalu, nsalu yotuwa iyenera kuyang'aniridwa kaye, kutembenuzidwa, kuyikidwa m'mabaketi, kusindikizidwa ndi kusoka, kenako n’kuwotchedwa.

Zifukwa:

(1) pa nsalu yosapsa kwambiri, kutalika kwake kosiyana;

(2) mlingo wa kutsirizika kwake ndi woipa, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwake n'kosavuta;

(3) mu ndondomeko ya utoto wa ubweya wa zhongyi ndi kumaliza, kusindikiza ndi kupaka utoto zolakwika.

Cholinga cha kuimba:

(1) kukongoletsa nsalu; Kukongoletsa kumaliza kwake;

(2) kukonza kukana kwa mapiritsi (makamaka nsalu ya ulusi wa mankhwala);

(3) kusintha kalembedwe, kuuma kungapangitse nsalu kukhala yopyapyala, yokhala ndi fupa.

Kupanga kukula

Pakuluka, chopindikacho chimakhala ndi mphamvu komanso kukangana kwakukulu, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kusweka. Pofuna kuchepetsa kusweka kwa chopindika, kukonza bwino kuluka komanso mtundu wa nsalu yaimvi, ndikofunikira kuyika kukula kwa ulusi wopindika musanaluke. Ulusi womwe uli mu ulusi umamatira ndikugwirana pamodzi, ndikupanga filimu yolimba pamwamba pa ulusi, zomwe zimapangitsa ulusi kukhala wolimba komanso wosalala, motero zimawonjezera mphamvu yosweka komanso kukana kwa ulusiwo kuwonongeka.

Cholinga cha kuyeretsa: Pambuyo poyeretsa, matope amalowa mu ulusi ndipo amamatira pang'ono pamwamba pa ulusi. Pamene ulusiwo ukukonza bwino ntchito yake, matopewo amaipitsa utoto ndi madzi oyeretsera, amalepheretsa kuyanjana kwa mankhwala pakati pa ulusi ndi utoto ndi zinthu zina zamankhwala, ndipo zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupaka utoto ndi kumaliza ntchito.

(1) Chiyambi cha slurry yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri

Madzi achilengedwe: wowuma, chingamu cha m'nyanja, chingamu, ndi zina zotero.

Katundu wa sitachi:

① ngati asidi wawonongeka;

② ngati pali kukhazikika kwa alkali, kutupa;

③ pankhani ya okosijeni, zinthu zopindulitsa zimatha kuwola;

④ ndi kuwonongeka kwa enzyme ya starch.

Mankhwala osakaniza: zinthu zochokera ku cellulose monga hydroxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylic acid, polyester, ndi zina zotero.

Kapangidwe ka PVA:

① yokhazikika ku asidi ndi maziko, kukhuthala sikuchepa;

② Imawonongeka ndi okosijeni.;

③ Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, kugwirizana bwino, palibe kusakaniza

(2) Njira zodziwika bwino zochotsera kukula kwa kukula

1. Kuchotsa kukula kwa alkaline

Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale opaka utoto m'nyumba, koma kuchuluka kwa utoto sikokwera, ndipo zonyansa zina zimatha kuchotsedwa mukadula utoto.

Njira: Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera sodium hydroxide dilute, starch slurry pansi pa mphamvu ya alkali kutupa (kapena kutupa), sikuchitika mankhwala reaction, kotero kuti slurry kuchokera ku gel kupita ku sol, kuchepetsa mphamvu yomangirira pakati pa ulusi ndi slurry, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito kutsuka ndi mphamvu yamakina kuti ichotsedwe. Pa PVA ndi polyacrylate slurry, imatha kusungunula sodium hydroxide mu njira zochepetsera.

(wowuma) enzyme yochotsa kukula

Ma enzyme amatchedwanso ma enzyme, biocatalysts.

Zinthu zake: kuchuluka kwa desize, osati ulusi wovulala, koma wowuma wokha, sikungachotse zonyansa.

Makhalidwe: a. Kuchita bwino kwambiri. b. Kulunjika: Enzyme imatha kuyambitsa kuyankha kamodzi kokha kapena ngakhale kuyankha kwina. c. Ntchitoyo imakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi PH.

Pa ma starch slurry kapena ma starch mixed slurry (starch mixed) ndi ochuluka kwambiri), amylase ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa kukula.

Kuchotsa asidi

Kugwiritsa ntchito kunyumba sikokwanira, chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndikosavuta kuwononga ulusi, kuphatikiza kwambiri ndi njira zina. Njira ya magawo awiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito: alkali desizing - acid desizing. Acid desizing imatha kupanga hydrolyze ya starch, kuchotsa mchere wamchere ndi zina zotero, ndikubwezerana.

Kuchotsa kukula kwa okosijeni

Wothandizira oxidizing: NaBrO2 (sodium bromite) H2O2, Na2S2O8, (NH4) 2S2O8, ndi zina zotero.

Mfundo: Chothandizira kuoxidation chimatha kuoxidation ndi kuwononga mitundu yonse ya matope, kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu ndi kukhuthala kwake kumachepa kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa madzi kumawonjezeka, ndipo matopewo amalepheretsedwa kuti asamamatire ku ulusi, kenako hydrolysate imachotsedwa potsuka bwino.

(1) Kuphika

Cholinga cha kuwiritsa ndi kuchotsa zinyalala za ulusi ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zogwirira ntchito za nsalu, makamaka kunyowa.

Zonyansa zachilengedwe: Pa nsalu za thonje loyera, makamaka zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi kapena zamoyo zina zogwirizana nazo, kuphatikizapo sera ya mafuta, pectin, mapuloteni, phulusa, utoto ndi zipolopolo za mbewu ya thonje.

Zonyansa zopangidwa: zonyansa monga mafuta, mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi mafuta, dzimbiri ndi matope otsala omwe amawonjezeredwa mu kupota ndi kukonza nsalu.

Zonyansa zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri kunyowa kwa nsalu ndipo zimalepheretsa utoto ndi kumalizidwa kwa nsalu, ndipo ziyenera kuchotsedwa mu makina otsukira ndi sodium hydroxide ngati chinthu chachikulu ndi ma surfactants ngati chothandizira.

(2) Kuyeretsa

Pambuyo powiritsa, zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe komanso zopangidwa zimadetsedwansaluamachotsedwa, koma pa nsalu zopakidwa utoto ndi zopepuka, kupakidwa utoto n'kofunikanso. Izi zikutanthauza kuchotsa utoto, komanso kuyeretsa ngati cholinga chachikulu cha kupakidwa utoto.

Ulusi wa mankhwala ulibe utoto, ukawiritsidwa umakhala woyera kwambiri, ndipo ulusi wa thonje ukaphwanyidwa umakhalabe woyera, kuyera kwake kumakhala kochepa, kotero kuyera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili pa ulusi wa thonje.

(3) Bleach

Mtundu wa okosijeni: sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide ndi sodium chlorite, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu ulusi wa thonje ndi nsalu zosakanikirana.

Yochepetsedwa: NaHSO3 ndi ufa wa inshuwaransi, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga nsalu za ulusi wa mapuloteni.

(4) Kuyeretsa kwa sodium hypochlorite:

Kuyeretsa kwa sodium hypochlorite kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa nsalu za thonje ndi nsalu zosakaniza thonje, ndipo nthawi zina kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyeretsa nsalu zosakaniza thonje za polyester. Komabe, singagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeretsa ulusi wa mapuloteni monga silika ndi ubweya, chifukwa sodium hypochlorite imawononga ulusi wa mapuloteni, ndipo imapangitsa ulusi kukhala wachikasu komanso wowonongeka. Mu njira yoyeretsa, kuwonjezera pa kuwonongeka kwa utoto wachilengedwe, ulusi wa thonje wokha ukhozanso kuwonongeka, chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwongolera momwe njira yoyeretsa imagwirira ntchito, kuti mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe amkati ziyenerere.

Sodium hypochlorite ndi yosavuta kupanga, yotsika mtengo, ntchito yoyeretsa sodium hypochlorite ndi yosavuta, zida zosavuta, koma chifukwa sodium hypochlorite bleaching ndi yoyipa poteteza chilengedwe, kotero pang'onopang'ono imalowedwa m'malo ndi hydrogen peroxide.

(5) Hydrogen peroxide yoyeretsa H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti hydrogen peroxide, ili ndi molekyulu ya H2O2. Kuyeretsa kwa hydrogen peroxide kumatchedwa oxygen bleaching. Kukhazikika kwa yankho la hydrogen peroxide kumakhala kofooka kwambiri m'mikhalidwe ya alkaline. Chifukwa chake, hydrogen peroxide yogulitsidwa imakhala ndi asidi pang'ono.

Nsalu yothiridwa ndi hydrogen peroxide imakhala yoyera bwino, yamtundu woyera, ndipo siimakhala yachikasu mosavuta ikasungidwa. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothira thonje. Kuthira okosijeni kumakhala kosinthasintha kwambiri kuposa kuthira chlorine, koma hydrogen peroxide ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa sodium hypochlorite, ndipo kuthira okosijeni kumafuna zida zosapanga dzimbiri, mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, mtengo wake ndi wokwera kuposa kuthira chlorine.

Pakadali pano, njira yotsegula nthunzi yotseguka imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osindikizira ndi kupenta utoto. Njirayi ili ndi kupitirira kwapamwamba, kuyendetsa zokha komanso kupanga bwino, kuyenda kosavuta kwa njira ndipo sikuwononga chilengedwe.

5. Yopangidwa ndi thonje (nsalu ya thonje)

Nsalu zomwe zili pansi pa mkhalidwe winawake wa kukanikizidwa, mothandizidwa ndi soda yokazinga, ndikusunga kukula kofunikira, zimatha kupeza kuwala kwa silika, njira iyi imatchedwa mercerization.

(1) Cholinga cha mercerization:

A. Konzani kunyezimira ndi kumva kwa nsalu, chifukwa cha kutupa kwa ulusi, kapangidwe ka ulusi kamakhala kolongosoka bwino, ndipo kuwala kumakhala kowonekera bwino, motero kumawonjezera kunyezimira.
B. Kuonjezera liwiro la utoto wa utoto pambuyo pomaliza mercerizing, ulusi umachepa, malo osasinthika amawonjezeka, ndipo utoto umatha kulowa mu ulusi, kuchuluka kwa utoto kuposa ulusi wa thonje wopangidwa ndi mercerised kumawonjezeka ndi 20%, ndipo kuwala kumawonjezeka, nthawi yomweyo kumawonjezera mphamvu yakutsogolo yakufa.
C. Kuti muwongolere kukhazikika kwa miyeso, mercerizing yakwaniritsa zotsatira za kapangidwe kake, imatha kuchotsa makwinya a chingwe, ndipo zinthu zambiri zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za utoto ndi kusindikiza zinthu za theka ndi theka. Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti pambuyo pa mercerizing, kukhazikika kwa kufalikira kwa nsalu kwasintha kwambiri, motero kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kufupika kwa nsalu.

6. Kuyeretsa, kuchepetsa (nsalu ya ulusi wa mankhwala)

Cholinga choyeretsera chisanachepe makamaka ndikuchotsa mafuta, matope ndi dothi lomwe limamatira pa nsalu (ulusi) panthawi yosungira ndi kunyamula, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ma oligomers ena pa ulusi amathanso kusungunuka mu kuyeretsa kutentha kwambiri. Nsalu ya imvi iyenera kuchepetsedwa isanakwane kuchuluka kwa alkali, ndipo zowonjezera monga olein ndi caustic soda ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa makamaka. Kukonza nsalu ya ulusi wa mankhwala kumachitika pamakina opaka utoto otentha kwambiri komanso opanikizika kwambiri.

7. Kuchepetsa alkali (nsalu ya ulusi wa mankhwala)

(1) Mfundo ndi zotsatira za kuchepetsa alkali

Chithandizo chochepetsa alkali ndi njira yochizira nsalu ya polyester pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kuwotcha kwambiri. Ulusi wa polyester umasungunuka ndi madzi ndikusweka ndi ester bond ya polyester molecular chain pamwamba pa ulusi mu sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, ndipo zinthu za hydrolysis zokhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a polymerization zimapangidwa mosalekeza, ndipo pamapeto pake sodium terephthalate yosungunuka m'madzi ndi ethylene glycol zimapangidwa. Zipangizo zochepetsera alkali zimaphatikizapo makina opaka utoto wopitilira, makina ochepetsera wopitilira, makina ochepetsera wopitilira mitundu itatu, kupatula makina opaka utoto wopitilira; Makina ochepetsera wopitilira komanso wopitilira amatha kubwezeretsanso lye yotsalayo. Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsalu yaimvi pazinthu zina zochepetsera alkali, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera njira yokonzedweratu, kenako kulowa mu njira yopaka utoto.